Using generators/iterators in python

1 def cubes(n):
2     for i in range(n):
3         yield(i*i*i)
4 
5 for c in cubes(11):
6     print(c)

generators

• produce a stream of values
• do not produce complete result at once
• stop execution after producing a value

Extend the previous example with print statements before and after the yield statement to better understand the program flow

1 a= 0
2 b= 1
3 
4 print(a, b)
5 
6 for i in range(10):
7     (a, b)= (b, a+b)
8 
9     print(b)

The program above prints the first 12 fibonacci numbers

Write a generator function def fibonacci(n) that yields the first n fibonacci numbers

In Python generators can be used in many places, not just for loops.

You can, for example, use list(fibonacci(n)) to get a list of every value the generator yields

Calculate and print a list of the first 12 fibonacci numbers

There is also a sum function that calculates the sum of all the values a generator yields

Use sum to print the sum of the first 12 fibonacci numbers

1 list(a*a for a in range(10))
2 
3 list(a for a in range(10) if a%2)

If a generator function can be expressed in a single line it can be written as a list comprehension

Execute the list comprehensions above and find out what they do

Uni Bremen matriculation numbers contain a checksum to detect typos

If you consider the digits

a|b|c|d|e|f|s
4|0|2|9|6|8|5

the checksum is calculated like this:

s= (1*a + 2*b + 3*c + 4*d + 5*e + 6*f)%11

1 num= 4019661
2 dgts= list((num//10**i)%10 for i in range(6, -1, -1))

Using you newly-earned knowledge of list comprehensions:

what is the purpose of the above two lines?

1 acc= 0
2 
3 for (i, n) in enumerate(dgts[:6]):
4     acc+= (i+1)*n

Given the for-loop above, that calulates the checksum:

use sum to write a list comprehension that calculates the same result

 1 def checksum(mat):
 2     digits= list(
 3         (mat//10**i)%10 for i in range(6, -1, -1)
 4     )
 5 
 6     csum= sum(
 7         (i+1)*n
 8         for (i, n)
 9         in enumerate(digits[:6])
10     )%11
11 
12     return(csum == digits[-1])

The function above takes a matriculation number, calculates the checksum and compares it to the one in the number

1 import csv
2 
3 reader= csv.reader(
4     open('25_student_list.csv', 'r'),
5     delimiter= ';'
6 )
7 
8 for entry in reader:
9     print(entry)

Download the student list and run the above script in the same directory

Use int to convert the matriculation number field to an integer and only print those lines that contain a valid matriculation number

Address   Hex                                               ASCII
00000000  0c 94 5f 00 0c 94 87 00  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  |.._.............|
00000010  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  |................|
00000020  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  |................|
00000030  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  |................|
00000040  0c 94 71 08 0c 94 87 00  0c 94 fa 02 0c 94 3d 03  |..q...........=.|
00000050  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  0c 94 87 00 0c 94 87 00  |................|

When analyzing binary files hexdumps are an useful tool

they show the hexadecimal representation of every byte in the file

1 for (index, chunk) in to_chunks(binary, 16):
2     as_hex= ' '.join(
3         '{:02x}'.format(byte) for byte in chunk
4     )

…

Run the program above with this binary file and view the file it outputs

Look at the function read_binary and check the documentation of open to find out what the parameters to the open call mean and why they are used

Edit the program, so that 32 bytes are printed per line instead of 16

Edit the program, so that the decimal representation of each byte is printed instead of the hexadecimal representation